摘要:語(yǔ)法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)很多次了,沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長(zhǎng)難句,也無(wú)法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整
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摘要:語(yǔ)法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)很多次了,沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長(zhǎng)難句,也無(wú)法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整理了考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精煉,希望可以幫助大家更方便的學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)~
(二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some
1. either和neither是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“兩者中任何一個(gè)都(不)”,作名詞或形容詞。
用法為:
either (neither) of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
either (neither)+單數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.
例句: Neither kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 人們對(duì)這兩種睡眠都沒(méi)有完全了解,但認(rèn)為快速眼動(dòng)睡眠有使大腦恢復(fù)的功能。
2. either指兩者中的任何一個(gè),僅限兩者,而each用于兩者以上;either和both可互換使用,但both強(qiáng)調(diào)整體。
例句: The relationship between Latin American music and black music in the United States is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句that are common to either/both修飾beats。
譯文: 拉丁美洲音樂(lè)同美國(guó)黑人音樂(lè)的關(guān)系明顯地表現(xiàn)在這兩種音樂(lè)各自存在著無(wú)重音節(jié)拍這一共同點(diǎn)上。
例句: We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 我們也希望每個(gè)地方都恰如其分。
3. any和none是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)都(不)”,其后謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 的單復(fù)數(shù)參看例句。
例句: Although Professor Green's lectures usually run over the fifty minute period, none of his students ever object(s) as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 雖然格林教授的課通常超過(guò)規(guī)定的50分鐘,但他的學(xué)生從無(wú)一人表示反對(duì),因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)格林的課既富有知識(shí)性又有趣。
例句: If any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 如果在座的有人不贊成我的觀點(diǎn),那么他就應(yīng)該提出他自己的改善這些人生活條件的方案。
4. any和some的主要區(qū)別在于any用于否定句、條件句和疑問(wèn)句;some用于肯定句,表示期待對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)或以問(wèn)句形式向?qū)Ψ教岢鲆蠡蜓?qǐng)。
例句: He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any reliance on what he promises. (1997年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 他多次辜負(fù)了我的期望,以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承諾。
例句: The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (選自2008年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是The idea is one of those hypotheses。that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others是idea的同位語(yǔ)從句,that dare not speak its name是hypotheses的定語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 認(rèn)為某些群體的智商要高于其他群體是一個(gè)無(wú)人敢說(shuō)出來(lái)的假想。
5. every只能用作形容詞,everyone指人,而every one既可以指物也可以指人。
例句: Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country. (1998年第32題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句隱含了一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,Without telephone相 當(dāng)于if there were no telephone。
譯文: 如果沒(méi)有電話,全國(guó)幾乎所有的商業(yè)運(yùn)作都不可能正常進(jìn)行。
例句: There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a benefit to an individual.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that everyone agrees on...作assumption的同位語(yǔ)從句,what constitutes a benefit to an individual作介詞on的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 科學(xué)家和醫(yī)務(wù)人員普遍持有一種不正確的假設(shè),即:人們?cè)谑裁礃?gòu)成了個(gè)人利益問(wèn)題上意見(jiàn)一致。
(三)one,the other和another
1. 兩者中一個(gè)用one表示,另一個(gè)用the other表示,不定數(shù)目中的另一個(gè)用another表示。
例句: However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. (選自2005年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為their behavior became markedly different。 when引 導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中又插入了so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中what the other...作observe的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被放在隔開(kāi)但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間中,而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用巖石交換了什么物品之后,他們的行為就發(fā)生了巨大變化。
例句: We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have another one this month.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 上個(gè)月我們舉行了一場(chǎng)晚會(huì),很有意思。因此,我們這個(gè)月再舉行一場(chǎng)類似的晚會(huì)吧。
2. 表示三者并對(duì)三者加以說(shuō)明。
表達(dá)方法如下:
one...another...and the other
one...a second...and the third
例句: I have three sisters, one is a nurse, another (a second) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.
注: 表示四者并對(duì)四者都加以說(shuō)明的表達(dá)方式是:one...another...a third...and the fourth (the other)...。
3. One作代詞時(shí),前用形容詞或the,this,that,which,any,some,each,every等來(lái)修飾,另有one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例句: That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (選自2006年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,means后的賓語(yǔ)從句省略了連接代詞that,what is in the sea作介詞 of的賓語(yǔ),so引導(dǎo)的另一個(gè)分句中的the one代替前面的名詞difference,分詞短語(yǔ)recorded by...作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the one。
譯文: 這意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈,因此現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的真正差異可能比根據(jù)漁獲量的變化所記錄的更糟糕。
例句: One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors. (2001年第13題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that all ships...harbors作make sure的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)的責(zé)任之一就是確保所有船只在繁忙的港口嚴(yán)格遵守航運(yùn)規(guī)則。
注意: that和one都可用來(lái)代表句子前面部分中的名詞以避免重復(fù): one指代可數(shù)名詞, 為不確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones;that指代可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,為確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。
例句: No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中that代替前面的bread,分詞短語(yǔ)earned by his own labor作定語(yǔ)修飾that。
譯文: 什么面包也不如自己勞動(dòng)掙得的面包香。
例句: Julia tried to find a good book on physics, but the bookstore she went to yesterday did not have one.
分析: 該句是并列句,其中第二個(gè)分句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,she went to yesterday是修飾the bookstore的定語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 朱麗亞想找一本物理學(xué)方面的好書(shū),但昨天她去的那家書(shū)店沒(méi)有。
4. another后接單數(shù)名詞,表示的意思是“另一個(gè),又一個(gè)(one more);另外的,別的(some other);不同的(a different)”。
例句: Her mother will be back in another moment, and we have to wait for her.
分析: 本句是以and連接的并列句。
譯文: 她媽媽再過(guò)一會(huì)兒就回來(lái),我們還是等等她吧。
例句: We will visit the History Museum another day.
譯文: 我們改天參觀歷史博物館。
例句: He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will expire at the end of this month. (1998年第34題)
分析: 該句是由yet連接的并列句。
譯文: 他正計(jì)劃再到國(guó)外去旅游,但是他的護(hù)照這個(gè)月底就到期了。
5. other通常接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,在any other,every other, no other,some other,the other,one other后,名詞也可用單數(shù)形式。
例句: As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians'. (1997年第19題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中As far as I am concerned為插入語(yǔ),other politicians相當(dāng)于other politicians politics,分詞短語(yǔ)compared with other politicians在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間或條件,相當(dāng)于when/if his politics are compared with other politicians'。
譯文: 依我看,與其他政治家的政治觀點(diǎn)相比,他的觀點(diǎn)更加保守。
例句: No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
譯文: 任何書(shū)對(duì)我一生的影響都沒(méi)有這本書(shū)大。
例句: Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.
譯文: 威爾遜發(fā)現(xiàn)除了他自己外只有一個(gè)客人。
注意: other與數(shù)目連用時(shí)其位置如下:
基數(shù)詞+ other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞;
the other+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the+基數(shù)詞+other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
(四)few,a few; little,a little
few和a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little和a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞;a few和a little具有肯定含義;few和little具有否定含義;the few和the little表示肯定含義。
例句: A few premiers are suspicious of any federal provincial deal making.(選自2005年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 一些省督們對(duì)由聯(lián)邦政府聯(lián)合各省進(jìn)行談判的做法心存懷疑。
例句: The roles expected of old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. (2000年第7題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中分詞短語(yǔ)expected of old people在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾the roles。
譯文: 在此情況下,對(duì)老年人角色的期望使得他們幾乎無(wú)法得到心理上的滿足,也就無(wú)法享受正常的幸福生活。
例句: Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,of which obtaining water is...是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾 problems,the least是the little的最高級(jí)表示肯定意義。
譯文: 居住在澳大利亞沙漠中心有其自身的問(wèn)題,其中,獲取水是很嚴(yán)峻的問(wèn)題。
例句: They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006年第50題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句which involve moral judgment修飾problems,but前后是兩個(gè)并列句。
譯文: 他們可以教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒(méi)有對(duì)需要進(jìn)行道德判斷的關(guān)于人的問(wèn)題講行獨(dú)立思考。
(五)most
most表示大多數(shù)、大部分或最大數(shù)量、最大程度等,作代詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。
例句:It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。在主句中,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,it代表前面提到的to want children;冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的解釋。
譯文:很難想象,僅僅因?yàn)槔锼购桶布惸仁?ldquo;生孩子”看起來(lái)頗具魅力,很多人就愚蠢地跟風(fēng)效仿:大多數(shù)成年人都明白撫養(yǎng)孩子并不像理發(fā)那樣簡(jiǎn)單。
例句: Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of their space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics. (2000年第17題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句為Most newspapers usually manage to find room on the inside pages...topics。從句while后的完整形式應(yīng)為while they are devoting the major part of their space to recent events。
譯文: 大多數(shù)報(bào)紙將主要版面用來(lái)報(bào)道近期發(fā)生的事件,但通常也會(huì)在內(nèi)頁(yè)留出空間刊登一些趣聞。
例句: Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句whose brain is...rapidly修飾the infant。
譯文: 其原因往往是母親對(duì)大腦已做好快速學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)備的嬰兒所發(fā)出的信號(hào)不敏感。
1. 單獨(dú)使用時(shí),most前無(wú)冠詞。
例句: Some of the people stayed behind, but most went.
分析: most=most people,動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
2. most后帶有限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),前加the。
例句: The most this hall can seat is 1,000.
分析: 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,this hall can seat這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾the most。seat是動(dòng)詞,意為“為……提供座位”。
譯文: 這個(gè)大廳最多能容納一千人。
3. most of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“大多數(shù)……”;most of+形容詞性物主代詞+單數(shù)名詞表示“大部分……”。
例句: Mr.Pollard has visited most of the countries in Europe.
譯文: 波勒德先生已經(jīng)訪問(wèn)了歐洲大多數(shù)國(guó)家。
例句: Most of her book deals with problems in political economy.
譯文: 她的書(shū)大部分都是論述政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的問(wèn)題的。
例句: Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. (選自1998年Text 2)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,and前一分句中that companies make是一定語(yǔ)從句修飾the changes,后一分句中this指代前面句子的所有內(nèi)容,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容作解釋。
譯文: 此外,公司改革的目的大部分是為了盈利,這種需求并不一定總是能夠提高生產(chǎn)率: 轉(zhuǎn)入新的市場(chǎng)或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也能獲得同樣的效果。
4. most作副詞時(shí)構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí);在通俗英語(yǔ)中most=very,修飾形容詞或副詞,most與mostly的區(qū)別在于后者作“大部分”講(=for the most part)。
例句: The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (2001年第14題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,is與seems to是兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
譯文: 愛(ài)斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任別人也最體貼他人的人,然而他們對(duì)自己的動(dòng)物的福利卻好像漠不關(guān)心。
例句: What Mr.Jelly said is mostly (=for the most part) correct.
譯文: 杰勒先生說(shuō)的話大部分是正確的。
5. most+名詞,表示泛指;most of the+名詞,表示特指。
例句: Most Chinese like fast food.(泛指)
Most of the people in this district are fond of CCTV5.(特指)
譯文:這一個(gè)區(qū)里的大部分人都喜歡看中央五臺(tái)。
九、連接代詞
連接代詞包括who, whom, whose, what, which, that。其中除what外,其他連接代詞也可作關(guān)系代詞,其區(qū)別在于連接代詞引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句等名詞性從句,而關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句。
(一)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句
例句: That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。
譯文: 太陽(yáng)是我們行星系的中心(而不是地球)這一概念在中世紀(jì)是很難讓人明白的。
例句: It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009年第46題)
分析: 該句是由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but連接的并列句,其中第一個(gè)分句中it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是that the measure of the worth...,of any social institution是worth的后置定語(yǔ),in enlarging and improving experience是its effect的后置定語(yǔ)。
譯文: 或許可以說(shuō),要衡量任何一種社會(huì)制度的價(jià)值就要看它在豐富和提升人們經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面的影響,但是這種影響并不是其最初動(dòng)機(jī)的一部分。
(二)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句
例句: He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (2008年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)是he was superior to..., 其中包含了由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,in noticing things與in observing them carefully是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
譯文: 他又自謙地說(shuō),或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并對(duì)其加以仔細(xì)觀察方面優(yōu)于常人”。
例句: I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. (1998年第3題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,其中短語(yǔ)assure sb. that...意為“向某人保證某事”。
譯文: 如果我冒犯了你,我向你道歉,但我保證那不是故意的。
(三)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句
例句:One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (選自2011年Text 1)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。其中,why the appointment came as such a surprise是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾reasons,however作插入語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)as such a surprise作狀語(yǔ),修飾came;主句的主干部分是One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known。
譯文: 然而,該任命顯得如此突然的原因之一就是吉爾伯特比較不為人知。
例句: The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (選自2006年Text3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that people have failed to...changes是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句,which have happened in the ocean作changes的定語(yǔ),because后引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 這個(gè)概念是說(shuō)人們沒(méi)有注意到發(fā)生在海洋里的巨大變化,因?yàn)槿藗冎皇腔仡櫫诉^(guò)去很短一段時(shí)間。
(四)同位語(yǔ)從句(通常由that引導(dǎo),也可由whether,what,when,where,why,how引導(dǎo),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明其前名詞的具體內(nèi)容和含義)
例句:Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share — that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts — and reveal its erroneous nature. (2011年第46題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是Allens contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中we all share是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,與assumption為同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系。
譯文:愛(ài)倫的貢獻(xiàn)在于他提出了一個(gè)公認(rèn)的假設(shè)并揭示了其錯(cuò)誤本質(zhì),即“我們不是機(jī)器人,因此我們能控制自己的思想”。
例句: But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007年第48題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干結(jié)構(gòu)為the idea...rests on an understanding..., that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen是the idea的同位語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 新聞?dòng)浾邞?yīng)該比普通公民更加透徹地了解法律,但這種看法是基于他們對(duì)新聞媒體業(yè)已確立的規(guī)約和特殊責(zé)任的理解。
(五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever
連接代詞what+ever指不定數(shù)目中無(wú)論什么,用于物;who(m)+ever指不定數(shù)目中無(wú)淪是誰(shuí),用于人;which+ever指確定數(shù)目中無(wú)論哪一個(gè),用于人或物。
例句: Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (選自2008年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out..., whatever outline you have made作flesh out(使充實(shí)、具體化)的賓語(yǔ),從句中develop...into意思是“發(fā)展成;變成”。前半部分是now that引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 既然你已經(jīng)將一個(gè)主題拓展成了一個(gè)初步的論題,那么你就可以整合筆記內(nèi)容,豐富自己擬定的提綱。
例句: Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage — spying as a “profession”. (選自2003年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,whatever tools came to...作using的賓語(yǔ),破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)espionage的解釋說(shuō)明。
譯文: 多諾萬(wàn)認(rèn)為在職業(yè)間諜活動(dòng)這一“偉大事業(yè)”中可以利用任何有用的工具。
(實(shí)習(xí)小編:時(shí)達(dá)迪)
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