都工作日了你還在度假？起來看長難句！

　　摘要：一晃眼，春節(jié)就已經(jīng)要結(jié)束了。這兩天全國各地的人們已經(jīng)陸陸續(xù)續(xù)進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)。工作的小伙伴們要繼續(xù)搬磚，雖說學(xué)校都還沒開學(xué)，但是考研的同學(xué)們，年假已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，該收收心啦！調(diào)整狀態(tài)的第一天就從英語長難句開始吧！

　　1. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates， Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. (1996.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】經(jīng)過六個月的爭論和議會最后十六小時激烈的辯論，澳大利亞北部行政區(qū)成為全球第一個允許醫(yī)生為尋求解脫的絕癥患者實(shí)行安樂死的法定權(quán)威。

　　【析句】這是一個比較簡單的復(fù)合長句，句子的主干是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority。句中，after引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表明發(fā)生的時間；who wish to die 是patients的定語從句，將patients的范圍限定在尋求解脫的患者中；兩個不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to allow和to take分別是the first/序數(shù)詞+to do sth和allow sb to do sth兩個固定搭配的應(yīng)用。

　　2. The full import may take a while to sink in... (1996.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】這份法案的深刻意義或許需要一段時間才能被充分理解。

　　【析句】句子很簡單，但不容易理解，有兩個難點(diǎn)：(1)import"進(jìn)口"的基本含義更為考生熟知，但在此句中語義不通。這里考察import作為名詞的另一個意思：含義、意義，full import則是"深刻含義"。(2)短語sink in 此處意為"被充分理解"，注意與"sink into"意為"沉入到......中去"區(qū)分。

　　3. Some have breathed sighs of relief， others， including churches， right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association， bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage... (1996.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】有些人松了一口氣，而另一些如教會、生命權(quán)利組織和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)會都對法案以及法案倉促的通過進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)烈的抨擊。

　　【析句】句子主干是some......，others......結(jié)構(gòu)，表明對安樂死法案兩種不同的態(tài)度。including這里是介詞，意為"包含、包括"，e.g.There were five females among the passengers，including the stewardess.

　　4. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country， a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.（1996. 閱讀 Text B）

　　【譯文】長久以來，在美國很多地區(qū)，旅行者打破了往常生活的枯燥而受到人們歡迎。

　　【析句】這句話有兩個抽象名詞break和existence，若按字面意思直譯，則很難理解。在分析此類句子時，要注意把握詞句的內(nèi)在含義。break作動詞時意為"打碎，折斷"，作名詞時含義相近，意為"裂口，裂縫；破裂"，還有"中斷，休息"之意。例如Life at sea is a welcome break for my job as a schoolteacher. I love traveling to exotic places and I love the hard work. 而existence意 為"存在，生存"，一般情況下可看做life的同義詞。因此，整句話的意思是，旅行者的到來打破了平靜枯燥的生活，給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駧硇┰S新鮮感，這或許是北美人民大多熱情好客的原因之一。

　　5. As is true of any developed society， in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions， and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.（1996. 閱讀 Text B）

　　【譯文】同任何發(fā)達(dá)國家一樣，一系列復(fù)雜的文化特征，信念和習(xí)俗構(gòu)成了美國所有社會交往的基礎(chǔ)。

　　【析句】本句的主干是a complex of ... underlies  social interrelations。as is true of ...是由as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，修飾America，而不是a complex set ...。其中，underlie意為"是......的基礎(chǔ)；優(yōu)先于"。

　　6. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial， but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.（1996. 閱讀 Text B）

　　【譯文】許多美國人的這種隨意的友好態(tài)度不應(yīng)該被看成是膚淺的或虛假的，而應(yīng)解釋成一種由來已久的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)。

　　【析句】這句話比較長，但結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜。主要有兩個短語組成，be interpreted as和 neither ...nor...but...。注意第三個as引導(dǎo)的成分與前兩個as引導(dǎo)的成分是并列的，都是與interpret的固定搭配。

　　7. Such large， impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class， an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. (1996. 閱讀. Text C)

　　【譯文】對資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數(shù)量和重要性。這個階層作為國計民生的一部分，代表了非個人責(zé)任的財富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。

　　【析句】這種長句句式復(fù)雜，內(nèi)容抽象，讓考生一頭霧水，不知所云。面對這一攔路虎，首先要抓住句子的主干，...manipulation increased numbers and importance...，(which is)an element...。主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定。而非限制性定語an element ...landowners中又帶有兩個定語從句，一個是(which was)representing，另一個是(which was)detached。將定語從句中省略的"引導(dǎo)詞+be "結(jié)構(gòu)補(bǔ)充完整，則不易與分詞結(jié)構(gòu)混淆。

　　8. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes， and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. (1996. 閱讀. Text C)

　　【譯文】像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給大批"舒適"階層提供休憩之所。這些人依賴豐厚的收入生活，除了參加分紅和偶爾參加股東大會向管理層下達(dá)命令之外，與社會的其他階層毫無瓜葛。

　　【析句】這一長句的難點(diǎn)在于賓語comfortable classes有兩個由定語從句who has retired...， who had no relation...并由and連接，而第二個定語從句中存在較長的介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)，except是介詞，that指代relation，drawing 和attending是并列關(guān)系，作of的賓語，to dictate their orders..是目的狀語。

　　9. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands， but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.  (1996. 閱讀. Text C)

　　【譯文】帶薪管理公司的職業(yè)經(jīng)理人與工人以及他們需要的關(guān)系更加直接，但是就連他也不熟悉工人的個人狀況，而這種個人了解卻常常存在于現(xiàn)在不斷消失的古老家族公司的那種家長制制度下。

　　【析句】整個句子由but引導(dǎo)兩個轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句子，第一個句子的主干是the paid manager...was in more direct with...their demands， acting for...是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，修飾manager；第二個句子主干是even he had...personal knowledge of the workmen...， which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾familiar personal knowledge，passing aways是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾前面的old family business.將各種修飾成分與它們所修飾的內(nèi)容之間的關(guān)系搞清楚，那么整句話就更容易理解了。

　　10. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

　　【譯文】美國人成群結(jié)隊(duì)地涌向這些展覽會是為了欣賞新的機(jī)器，從而繼續(xù)對技術(shù)進(jìn)步所帶來的便捷保持信心。

　　【析句】句子不難，有兩個to引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句。有三個單詞值得注意：第一個是flock，動詞作"聚集；成群而行"講；第二個是admire，有"欽佩，欣賞"之義；第三個單詞renew基本意思是指將陳舊的或年久失修的東西徹底地翻新或使年老的人再次恢復(fù)青春活力，即"復(fù)原，更新"；也可指一件事情從頭再來或完成其未完成的東西，即"重新開始""繼續(xù)"。引申還可指"補(bǔ)充""延長…的期限"等。

　　11. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation， the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.

　　【譯文】由于這種鼓勵技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的積極方法，美國工人很容易就掌握了機(jī)械技術(shù)中要求的那種獨(dú)特的非語言思維方式。

　　【析句】given是介詞，意為"考慮到，如果"，e.g. Given their inexperience， they've done their best. 考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，他們已經(jīng)盡力了。take與介詞百搭，這里的take to意為"開始； 從事； 喜歡； 形成 ... 的習(xí)慣； 容易學(xué)會"。像take、make這種看起來簡單實(shí)際上復(fù)雜的單詞的搭配及用法需要考生多總結(jié)、多運(yùn)用。

　　12. The mechanic should sit down among levers， screws， wedges， wheels， etc.， like a poet among the letters of the alphabet， considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts， in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.

　　【譯文】技工應(yīng)該坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔子、輪子等工具周圍，就像詩人被字母圍繞，把它們當(dāng)做思路的展示，每一個新組合都傳達(dá)一個新想法。

　　【析句】句子的主干是The mechanic should sit down…， like a …， considering them as…， in which a...。有些考生可能會困惑，considering現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句修飾的是the mechanic，還是a poet。狀語從句可以放在句首，也可放在句尾。如果從句提前，那么很明顯，修飾的是the mechanic。也可以通過分析句子主干判斷。

　　13. The Aswan Dam， for example， stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

　　【譯文】例如，阿斯旺大壩阻擋了尼羅河的洪水，但埃及也失去了洪水退去后留下的肥沃淤泥--這一切換來得是一個使人們疾病叢生的巨大水庫。如今水庫里積滿了淤泥，基本上無法發(fā)電。

　　【析句】句子的主干是the Aswan Dam stopped...but deprived ...。stopped和deprived是有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列成分。that floods left作fertile silt的定語從句。破折號后all in return ...是省略了"引導(dǎo)詞+be"的非限制性定語從句即(which was)all in return for...。非限制性定語從句中又有which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，which is now ...silt修飾a giant reservoir.后面的that構(gòu)成so...that...的固定搭配。

　　14. This week， in the heart of civilized Europe， Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.

　　【譯文】本周在文明的歐洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人為了多瑙河上的一處水壩所引起的爭端，差一點(diǎn)就派出了部隊(duì)。

　　【析句】stop short of 意為"突然停止；未到達(dá)"，引申義相當(dāng)于be close to.英語中名詞結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用十分廣泛，可與所對應(yīng)的的名詞互換，使行文簡潔生動。如本句中的in their contention over...就等于contend over(for)"爭奪，斗爭"。

　　15. Meanwhile， in India， the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.

　　【譯文】同時，世界銀行已經(jīng)貸款給印度建造納爾達(dá)瑪大壩，簡直是錯上加錯。

　　【析句】這句話中兩個單詞用的很好，一個是go-ahead。give go-ahead to do sth意為"允許、批準(zhǔn)做某事"，比起allow sb to do sth更加形象生動。另一個是wrong-headed，意為"固執(zhí)己見的，堅持錯誤的"，與go-ahead形似，前后呼應(yīng)。

　　16. Think of Gallileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.  (1998.閱讀.Text.A)

　　【譯文】想想十七世紀(jì)，伽利略由于叛逆性的信仰受到天主教會的審判，或是詩人威廉姆布萊克對艾薩克牛頓的機(jī)械的世界觀所提出的尖銳批評。

　　【析句】句子的主干是一個祈使句，Think of...Gallileo's trial... or William Blake's harsh remarks...，of后有兩個并列的賓語，賓語后分別跟介詞短語for his rebelling...和against the mechanistic worldview...。注意多在作文中靈活運(yùn)用介詞替代重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動詞會有很不錯的效果哦！

　　17. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well， from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.(1998.閱讀.Text.A)

　　【譯文】一項(xiàng)關(guān)于1996年的新聞故事的調(diào)查顯示，很多其他組織也被貼上了反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽，比如提倡消滅最后一批儲存的天花病毒的機(jī)構(gòu)和某些提議削減基礎(chǔ)研究資金的共和黨人。

　　【析句】句子的主干是A survey of ... reveals that...，賓語從句的主干是the anti-science tag has been attached to...groups。from...to...此處相當(dāng)于such as...，每個例子分別含有一個定語從句who advocated...和who advocated，由and連接表示并列關(guān)系。

　　18. They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.(1998.閱讀.Text.A)

　　【譯文】他們只有一點(diǎn)是相同的，就是想惹怒或恐嚇那些自認(rèn)為更文明的人。

　　【析句】句子很短，但包含兩個從句，that they tend to...作the only one thing的同位語從句，同位語從句里又包含一個定語從句who regard themselves...

　　19. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions， for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations， it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. (1998.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】警告往往是恰當(dāng)且必要的，比如提醒藥物反應(yīng)帶來的危險，有些警告也是州法或聯(lián)邦法律所要求的。但事實(shí)上，若使用者受傷，法律條款并沒有明確地保護(hù)生產(chǎn)商或銷售者使其不必承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

　　【析句】整句話的主干是主句+時間狀語從句，主句中，it作形式主語，真正的主語是they actually protect...from liability，主句里又包括一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，有兩個并列的分句warnings are...and many are...。破折號中間的內(nèi)容屬于插入語，抓主干時可暫時省略。

　　20. As personal injury claims continue as before， some courts are beginning to side with defendants， especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. (1998.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】隨著人身傷害起訴案件一如既往地不斷增加，一些法庭的判決開始偏向被告，尤其是在商品警告標(biāo)簽可能起不了多大作用的情況下。

　　【析句】整句話由主句some courts are beginning...+時間狀語從句as personal injury claims...as before構(gòu)成。其中，主句更為復(fù)雜，又包括一個where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，時態(tài)虛擬為語氣wouldn't have changed...。

　　21. At the same time， the American Law Institute -- a group of judges， lawyers， and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.(1999.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】與此同時，美國法律研究所--由一群法官、律師和理論專家組成，他們的建議分量極重--發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導(dǎo)方針，宣稱公司不必提醒顧客注意顯而易見的危險，也不必連篇累牘地一再提請他們注意一些可能會出現(xiàn)的危險。

　　【析句】首先把破折號中間的插入語省略不看，句子的主干是the American Law Institute issued new guildelines for tort law，stating that ...是動名詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，可以另寫為which stated...。再看插入語中，包含一個whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。正是各種從句的存在使得整句話顯得復(fù)雜難解，也是考生在作文中應(yīng)該借鑒之處。

　　22. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. (1999. 閱讀. Text 5)

　　【譯文】如果實(shí)驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)雜志上的報告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施的話，那么對管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。

　　【析句】首先抓主干，主干是一個帶有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句If experiments are planned and carried...， then it is perfetly logical...。if條件狀語從句中有一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)as faithfully as the reports...indicate，相比較的成分是experiments are planned and carried out 和the reports...indicate，因?yàn)閯釉~不同，所以后面不能用do代替，例如He runs faster than I do。主句中出現(xiàn)了it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式to expect research to...。

　　23. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. (1999. 閱讀. Text 5)

　　【譯文】審計人員也完全有理由相信，確切知道自己的目標(biāo)并知道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的科學(xué)家們根本沒必要在一只眼盯著顯微鏡時，還要分心用另一只眼睛盯著現(xiàn)金計數(shù)器。

　　【析句】因?yàn)閕t此處作形式主語替代不定式引導(dǎo)的主語從句，所以真正的句子主干應(yīng)該是to believe that... is entirely reasonable.主語從句中的主干是scientists should not be distracted by the necessity...register，后面有while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。主語從句里又包含多個從句：who know ...引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾scientists；where...goingand how...there是know的賓語從句。長句里包含從句，從句中又包含從句，是英語長句難以理解的主要原因。

　　24. Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team." (1999. 閱讀. Text 5)

　　【譯文】如果科學(xué)家們做試驗(yàn)和寫論文一樣步驟規(guī)范、遵守要求，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中"思維與眾不同的人"、喜歡其中思想較為傳統(tǒng)的"善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作"的人而受到指責(zé)了。

　　【析句】英語復(fù)合句中，從句的位置比較靈活，可根據(jù)需要放在句前、句中、句后。這里就是從句放在句子的例子，割裂了主句，增加了閱讀的困難程度。本句是由一個完全否定的主句nor is management to be blamed for...和一個條件狀語從句組成的if regularity and conformity are...as...as...(比較結(jié)構(gòu))構(gòu)成。主語從句中連續(xù)用了三個介詞，for表原因，aganist表反對，in favor of表支持，要注意英語中介詞的應(yīng)用；thinkers后是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

　　25. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War， it had a market eight times larger than any competitor， giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. (2000. 閱讀. Text A)

　　【譯文】二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國恰好進(jìn)入了這樣一個繁榮時期，它當(dāng)時的市場是任何競爭者的八倍大，這使得其工業(yè)具有前所未有的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。

　　【析句】本句是復(fù)合句，主干是it had a market ....competitor when the United States entered...。主句里，it指代美國；此處有一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)：倍數(shù)+形容詞比較級+than+比較的對象；逗號后，動名詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，相當(dāng)于which gived its...。