摘要:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)著英語(yǔ)句子中的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分,但是在充當(dāng)同一種成分時(shí),不同類(lèi)型的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指意義不同。今天小編
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?不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
1.不定式與分詞作定語(yǔ)是垢區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)上;不琿式作定語(yǔ)通常指動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)指正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)指已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
如:I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要寫(xiě)。
Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你認(rèn)識(shí)坐在桌子旁的那個(gè)人嗎?
Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你讀過(guò)魯迅先生翻譯過(guò)的小說(shuō)嗎?
2.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示它所修飾的名詞的動(dòng)作,二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,讀時(shí)都有重音。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途,二者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,讀時(shí)只重讀動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)只有置于被修飾詞的前面,而分詞作定語(yǔ)有時(shí)可置前,有時(shí)可置后。如:
a sleeping baby (=a baby who is sleeping)
a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping=a car which is used for sleeping)
3.作定語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞常表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間早于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,或者沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性,只表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系,有的只表示完成。如:
The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000.
去年建的這座立交橋花了12000美元。(既表示被動(dòng)又表示完成)
All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.
所有落葉都清走了。(表示完成,并沒(méi)有被動(dòng)意味)
I don’t like to hear songs sung by young people.
我不想聽(tīng)見(jiàn)年輕人唱這種歌。 (只表示被動(dòng),沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性)
4.-ing形式作后置定語(yǔ)則可表示:正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的行為(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句要用進(jìn)行進(jìn)態(tài));現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時(shí))的狀態(tài)(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句時(shí)常用一般時(shí)態(tài))。如:
The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford.
等著附近的那輛小汽車(chē)是福特車(chē)。
The music being played(=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar.
正在鋼琴上演奏的這首曲子聽(tīng)起來(lái)很熟悉。
5.短暫性動(dòng)詞的-ing形式一般式一般不可用后置定語(yǔ)。如:
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
應(yīng)邀參加這次晚會(huì)的大多數(shù)人是著名的科學(xué)家。
不能說(shuō)成:
Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists.
6.-ing分詞的完成式一般不能后置定語(yǔ),除非為非限制性的后置定語(yǔ)。如:
This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years. The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 討論多年的這個(gè)問(wèn)題現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)解決了。
不可說(shuō)成:
This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.
7.being+adj.不能單獨(dú)用作后置定語(yǔ)
不能說(shuō): Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.
應(yīng)為:Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here. 任何勝任這項(xiàng)工作的人可以在這里簽名。
8.分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如有逗號(hào)與被修飾的名詞分開(kāi),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性的定語(yǔ)。如:
The story, written by a young girl, became popular with the young.
這個(gè)故事在年輕人間很流行,這是位小姑娘寫(xiě)的。
9.不定式作定語(yǔ)可以有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如
It is spring, the time for us to plant trees.
春天正是植樹(shù)的好季節(jié)。
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